The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a US-drafted resolution to impose new sanctions on North Korea on Monday — a move that comes just one week after the rogue nation carried out its sixth and largest nuclear test.
The resolution is designed to accomplish six major goals: cap North Korea’s oil imports, ban textile exports, end additional overseas laborer contracts, suppress smuggling efforts, stop joint ventures with other nations and sanction designated North Korean government entities, according to a US official familiar with negotiations.
“Today, we are saying the world will never accept a nuclear armed North Korea, and today the Security Council is saying that if the North Korean regime does not halt its nuclear program, we will act to stop it ourselves,” US ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said following the vote on Monday.
“We are done trying to prod the regime to do the right thing, we are now trying to stop it from having the ability to do the wrong thing,” she added. “We are doing that by hitting North Korea’s ability to fuel and fund its weapons program.”
Intense negotiations
The USfirst circulated a draft resolution that called for a full ban on exports of oil to North Korea and an asset freezeon leader Kim Jong Un, the Worker’s Party and the government of North Korea.
But later, the US put forward another draft that removed the full oil embargo, asset freeze, travel ban for Kim and softened the language on foreign workers and other issues.
“These are by far the strongest measures ever imposed on North Korea,” Haley said. “They give us a much better chance to halt the regime’s ability to fuel and finance its nuclear and missile programs, but we all know these steps only work if all nations implement them completely and aggressively.”
Russia and China both have veto power as permanent members of the Security Council and had expressed skepticism over the initial sanctions proposal. But China said after Monday’s vote it supported the resolution.
“China is consistently committed to the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula, to the peace and stability of the peninsula and to the solution of the issue through dialogue and consultation,” said Chinese Ambassador to the UN Liu Jieyi after the vote.
“The resolution adopted by the security council today reflects this principle of three commitments and demonstrates the unanimous position of the international community of opposing DPRK’s development of its nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities.”
Ahead of the vote, North Korea warned the United States that it would pay a “due price” if harsh sanctions were passed by the Security Council.
North Korea’s Foreign Ministry said in a statement published on state media that if the US “does rig up the illegal and unlawful ‘resolution,'” it would respond in kind.
“The forthcoming measures to be taken by the DPRK will cause the US the greatest pain and suffering it had ever gone through in its entire history.”
The sanctions were welcomed by Japan, with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe telling local media Tuesday they impose “an unprecedented high level of pressure on North Korea.”
“It is up to the international community to see that these resolutions are implemented,” he warned.
Oil imports, textile exports, smuggling and overseas workers
Specifically, this resolution will result in a 30% decrease in total oil imports by cutting off over 55% of refined petroleum products going to North Korea, the US official told CNN.
“Oil is the life blood of North Korea’s effort to build and fund a nuclear weapon,” Haley said.
It will also ban the export of all textiles, the official said, noting that in 2016, the North Korean regime earned $760 million through those sales — making it the largest economic sector that UN Security Council had not yet touched.
Additionally, the new measures will prevent overseas workers from earning wages that finance the North Korean regime — over $500 million each year — in addition to cutting off foreign investments, technology transfers and other economic cooperation, according to a statement from the US mission to the UN.
These additional measures were also included to limit North Korea’s ability to smuggle products like coal and iron — particularly on the high seas.
But despite the US assessment that these are the strongest measures ever imposed on North Korea, some experts said that their impact will only be effective if paired with additional sanctions.
“These UN resolutions only work when complemented by robust US sanctions which is exactly what happened with Iran,” said Anthony Ruggiero, a former deputy director of the US Treasury Department and an expert in the use of targeted financial measures for Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
“The difference here is we have wide-ranging UN sanctions that go beyond what we had on Iran,” he said. “We also have US sanctions that go beyond the UN sanctions. The Trump administration has already used US sanctions against China and Russia, and Washington should do more like fines against Chinese banks and targeting additional firms and individuals facilitating sanctions evasion.”
The restrictions are modeled on the previous restrictions on coal, in this area the US will have to build to a UN embargo, but remains unclear if Beijing will agree to one, according to Ruggiero.
“The textile ban, inspections paragraphs, and joint ventures language are strong,” he added.
“The other sectoral restrictions rely on China and Russia implementation, which has been a challenge. The US should continue to use US sanctions against China and Russia to ensure implementation,” Ruggiero told CNN.
French ambassador to the UN Francois Delattre stated his support for the US-drafted resolution ahead of Monday’s vote.
“Our deep belief is that only a firm reaction of the council can open the path towards a political solution to this crisis. Make no mistake about it, our firmness today is our best antidote to the risk of war, to the risk of confrontation, and our firmness today is our best tool for a political solution tomorrow,” he said.
After the vote Russia’s Ambassador to the UN Vassily Nebenzia explained why his country supported the resolution: “Russia does not accept the claims of DPRK to become a nuclear state and has supported all of the security council resolutions demanding an end to the nuclear missile programs of Pyongyang in the interest of de-nuclearizing the Korean peninsula. Therefore, we supported and are supporting the sanctions contained in the resolutions aimed at compelling the DPRK to meet the demands of the Security Council.”
North Korea nuclear tests
The US and its allies have been calling for stern measures against North Korea since the September 3 nuclear test.
The test sent powerful tremors across the region, suggesting the device used was the most powerful the nation has ever tested. Pyongyang claims it tested a hydrogen bomb capable of sitting atop a ballistic missile.
Hydrogen bombs have a far larger yield than traditional weapons, meaning devices can be smaller while providing greater devastation.
Making them small enough to fit on a missile is a challenging task, and one that North Korea claims to have achieved. Experts are not so sure, but as long as Pyongyang claims to have the technology, the working assumption is that it’s true.
